Solar Cells Essay Paper Example For Students

Solar Cells Essay Paper Solar cells today are mostly made of silicon, one of the most commonelements on Earth. The crystalline silicon solar cell was one of the firsttypes to be developed and it is still the most common type in use today. They donot pollute the atmosphere and they leave behind no harmful waste products. Photovoltaic cells work effectively even in cloudy weather and unlike solarheaters, are more efficient at low temperatures. They do their job silently andthere are no moving parts to wear out. It is no wonder that one marvels on howsuch a device would function. To understand how a solar cell works, it is necessary to go back to somebasic atomic concepts. In the simplest model of the atom, electrons orbit acentral nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. each electron carries onenegative charge and each proton one positive charge. Neutrons carry no charge. Every atom has the same number of electrons as there are protons, so, on thewhole, it is electrically neutral. The electrons have discrete kinetic energylevels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to forma solid, the electron energy levels merge into bands. In electrical conductors,these bands are continuous but in insulators and semiconductors there is anenergy gap, in which no electron orbits can exist, between the inner valenceband and outer conduction band Book 1. Valence electrons help to bind togetherthe atoms in a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nucleii, while conduction electrons,being less closely bound to the nucleii, are free to move in response to anapplied voltage or electric field. The fewer conduction electrons there are, thehigher the electrical resistivity of the material. In semiconductors, the materials from which solar sells are made, theenergy gap Eg is fairly small. Because of this, electrons in the valence bandcan easily be made to jump to the conduction band by the injection of energy,either in the form of heat or light Book 4. This explains why the highresistivity of semiconductors decreases as the temperature is raised or thematerial illuminated. The excitation of valence electrons to the conduction bandis best accomplished when the semiconductor is in the crystalline state, i.e. when the atoms are arranged in a precise geometrical formation or lattice. At room temperature and low illumination, pure or so-called intrinsicsemiconductors have a high resistivity. But the resistivity can be greatlyreduced by doping, i.e. introducing a very small amount of impurity, of theorder of one in a million atoms. There are 2 kinds of dopant. Those which havemore valence electrons that the semiconductor itself are called donors andthose which have fewer are termed acceptors Book 2. In a silicon crystal, each atom has 4 valence electrons, which are sharedwith a neighbouring atom to form a stable tetrahedral structure. Phosphorus,which has 5 valence electrons, is a donor and causes extra electrons to appearin the conduction band. Silicon so doped is called n-type Book 5. On theother hand, boron, with a valence of 3, is an acceptor, leaving so-calledholes in the lattice, which act like positive charges and render thesiliconp-typeBook 5. The drawings in Figure 1.2 are 2-dimensional representationsof n- and p-type silicon crystals, in which the atomic nucleii in the latticeare indicated by circles and the bonding valence electrons are shown as linesbetween the atoms. Holes, like electrons, will remove under the influence of anapplied voltage but, as the mechanism of their movement is valence electronsubstitution from atom to atom, they are less mobile than the free conductionelectrons Book 2. .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f , .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .postImageUrl , .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f , .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f:hover , .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f:visited , .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f:active { border:0!important; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f:active , .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07c0a54cd67acbbb73fe3003dd24ba4f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cask Of Amontillado (829 words) EssayIn a n-on-p crystalline silicon solar cell, a shadow junction is formed bydiffusing phosphorus into a boron-based base. At the junction, conductionelectrons from donor atoms in the n-region diffuse into the p-region and combinewith holes in acceptor atoms, producing a layer of negatively-charged impurityatoms. The opposite action also takes place, holes from acceptor atoms in the p-region crossing into the n-region, combining with electrons and producingpositively-charged impurity atoms Book 4. The net result of these movements isthe disappearance of conduction electrons and holes from the vicinity of thejunction and the establishment t here of a reverse electric field, which ispositive on the n-side and negative on the p-side. This reverse field plays avital part in the functioning of the device. The area in which it is set up iscalled the depletion area or barrier layerBook 4. When light falls on the front surface, photons with energy in excess of theenergy gap (1.1 eV in crystalline silicon) interact with valence electrons andlift them to the conduction band. This movement leaves behind holes, so eachphoton is said to generate an electron-hole pair Book 2. In the crystallinesilicon, electron-hole generation takes place throughout the thickness of thecell, in concentrations depending on the irradiance and the spectral compositionof the light. Photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength. The highlyenergetic photons in the ultra-violet and blue part of the spectrum are absorbedvery near the surface, while the less energetic longer wave photons in the redand infrared are absorbed deeper in the crystal and further from the junctionBook 4. Most are absorbed within a thickness of 100 m. The electrons and holes diffuse through the crystal in an effort to producean even distribution. Some recombine after a lifetime of the order of onemillisecond, neutralizing their charges and giving up energy in the form of heat. Others reach the junction before their lifetime has expired. There they areseparated by the reverse field, the electrons being accelerated towards thenegative contact and the holes towards the positive Book 5. If the cell isconnected to a load, electrons will be pushed from the negative contact throughthe load to the positive contact, where they will recombine with holes. Thisconstitutes an electric current. In crystalline silicon cells, the currentgenerated by radiation of a particular spectral composition is directlyproportional to the irradiance Book 2. Some types of solar cell, however, donot exhibit this linear relationship. The silicon solar cell has many advantages such as high reliability,photovoltaic power plants can be put up easily and quickly, photovoltaic powerplants are quite modular and can respond to sudden changes in solar input whichoccur when clouds pass by. However there are still some major problems with them. They still cost too much for mass use and are relatively inefficient withconversion efficiencies of 20% to 30%. With time, both of these problems will besolved through mass production and new technological advances in semiconductors. Bibliography1) Green, Martin Solar Cells, Operating Principles, Technology and SystemApplications. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1989. pg 104-1062) Hovel, Howard Solar Cells, Semiconductors and Semimetals. New York, AcademicPress, 1990. pg 334-3393) Newham, Michael ,Photovoltaics, The Sunrise Industry, Solar Energy, October1, 1989, pp 253-2564) Pulfrey, Donald Photovoltaic Power Generation. Oxford, Van Norstrand Co.,1988. pg 56-615) Treble, Fredrick Generating Electricity from the Sun. New York, PergamonPress, 1991. pg 192-195 Category: Science

A Report to Style Ltd on Managing Accounts

Question: 1 Explain the sales ledger, purchase ledger and nominal ledger. 2 Explain the double-entry bookkeeping system of recording transactions. 3 Design a simple accounting system using accounting codes. 4 Extract a trial balance and prepare financial statements from source documents. Answer: Essentiality of Accounts It is not easy to manage a business in this competitive world, especially if the field chosen does not have a speciality product or is based on an invention which has outstanding scope for a future market. You have selected a market segment with a general tag line of fashion and style wear. The biggest advantage for this type of trade is the ever changing demand of the youth for new fashion and style. And this can also turn into the biggest disadvantage for your business if you are not able to keep pace with the changing fashion world. For attaining this achievement, you have to wisely choose your products and keep changing the stock at a short notice. This means, as per Baker Riddick, (2013), selling more on cash, keeping a low inventory and managing the customer base. These three essentialities are foremost requirements of the business from a good accounting software as this report is putting forth for your perusal. Keeping Good Records A good accounting software automatically covers the following factors gives you the information required by you to run your business helps you to minimise your expenses and also helps in reducing tax obligations helps you to quickly prepare your accounts for any specific time period helps you to plan effectively for your tax obligations, says Davies, (2012). Improvising Your Business A good accounting software will help you to identify the strengths and weaknesses of your business manage the changes and improvements you carry out in your business plan efficiently in meeting your financial commitments timely pay your creditors and employees identify your tax liabilities and fulfil your obligations on time Maintaining Good Relations A good accounting software is also beneficial as it helps you to make it easy to sell your outdated goods by letting you select them in time avoid any embarrassment because of over or under payments to maintain a steady profit base Although business records were being maintained manually also some decades ago, but the advantages obtained from computerised systems helps the business to remain online and the promoters can always remain in touch with the business. But this requires you to ensure that the system used by you is easy to operate and also complements your business requirements. It should also be able to provide information about your invoices, receipts and bank statements, as per Marchildon McDowall, (2013). Hence, keeping your business records can really be beneficial for enhancing your business potential. Todays business environment makes it mandatory for every business, assert Keown et al, (2012), to keep its records for the period as stipulated under the law of the land. The minimum period requirement for keeping your business records available for the tax authorities is six years under the VAT regulations and five years under the income tax rules. Maintaining your accounts using a computerised system will ensure that all your business details regarding receipts, payments, sales invoices, credit purchase vouchers and the assets and liabilities are kept safely, as detailed by Homann, Koslowski Luetge (ed.), (2013). Business Value of SAGE 50 SAGE 50 accounting software can make a contribution to your business as it simplifies your otherwise complex accounting tasks, eliminates the repetitive accounting routines and speeds-up the whole accounting process by delivering an enhanced levels of efficiency and satisfaction for the owners as well as the staff. Management has the advantage of assessing the current financial situation of the business and to act quickly in solving problems. The companys marketing department has access to an efficient system which helps in analysing the trends and in identifying new targets. As an efficient and reliable business tool, SAGE 50 accounting software offers immense versatility, accurate maintenance of sales and purchases, an updated stock control and a competent order processing, invoicing along with statements and reports, as per Yona, (2011). Expanded Currency Field Lengths This latest feature of SAGE 50 enables the users to record and view on the transaction screens amounts up to $99,999,999,999,999.00000. It also has the facility of list views, dashboard reports, tax forms, account registers and inventory item history tab screen. This product is also suitable for companies which deal in currencies other than the USD or GBP. Another big advantage offered by this product especially for Style Ltd is that the company can track large quantities of small inventory items for accurate reporting. Business Intelligence Enhancements Enhanced Business Intelligence built-in in the system will allow your company in attaining insight about the information gathered and in estimating time and data while formatting the data. A new feature of Inventory Analysis Report offers a real-time inventory information which can help you in better forecasting the sale pattern of your merchandise and manage an efficient supply chain, says Yona, (2011). Simplicity of SAGE 50 SAGE 50 has been made as a customer friendly product. Hence, it prepares accounting solutions which are user-friendly, are available instantly and the software has a design which enables the user to install and work on the system with minimal outside technical assistance. As a new entrant in the retail trade, SAGE 50 will ably assist you in assessing the possible tax repercussions and shall offer you an easy to read and understand financial data through its Chart of Accounts, banking reporting and particularly in payroll, payables and receivable statements, as explained by Leung, Coram Cooper, (2012). SAGE 50 basically works with the familiar procedures of manual accounting. Invoices, bank statements and VAT returns appear on the screen exactly as they appear when seen manually. When you start working on the SAGE 50 accounting software, you are continuously monitored by the intelligent system and a regular display of on-screen prompts helps you to create, access, file and also update all the financial information which has been posted by you. The in-built Wizards of SAGE 50 continuously guide you through a complicated process, step by step, in case you face any difficulty. Manage your Finances, Customers Suppliers with ease A powerful software that manages cash flow and VAT by creating customised reports. It offers everything which you require for managing your customers and suppliers data in order to efficiently process your sales and purchase orders. Dealing with Foreign Currencies and Payments You can manage multiple currency transactions, payments and even cash, cheque and cards, including direct debits and discounts, as these are standard features of this accounting software, details Baker Riddick, (2013). Flexibility as Your Business Grows This accounting software enables you to add up to 20 users and is future ready for your expanding business. Desktop Reliability with Online Access With its flexible option of connecting to apps, you can stay connected and work while being away from the office. Your access will provide you with real-time information and data through the Sage Drive feature via a tablet or a smartphone. Automatic Updates The system is equipped for upgrading to the latest version of the product. Your system will automatically update itself with new features. Flexible Pricing and Support For new business entrants, the system is available on monthly subscriptions with 12 to 24 month payment plans. Automate Your Processes The software helps you to save your time and money through the use of its simple bank reconciliation, automatic VAT preparation and submission and an advanced stock control feature. These easy to work features allow you to stay focussed on your business. After all, this is what matters most to you, assert Baker Riddick, (2013). A Smarter Payment Gateway With the help of the Sage Payment feature, you have the power to make accurate, secure and direct payments to your suppliers, straight from your system, ensuring youre your suppliers are kept happy. References: Baker, H.K. and Riddick, L.A. 2013, International Finance: A Survey. OUP USA, Oxford. Davies, A. 2012, The Globalisation of Corporate Governance. Gower Publishing, Ltd., Surrey. Homann, K., Koslowski, P. and Luetge, C. (ed.) 2013, Globalisation and Business Ethics Law, Ethics and Economics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Hampshire. Keown, A.J., Martin, J.D., Petty, J.W. and Scott, D.F. 2012, Financial Management: Principles and Applications, 10th ed. Pearson Education India, New Delhi. Leung, P., Coram, P. and Cooper, B.J. 2012, Modern Auditing and Assurance Services, 5th ed. John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Marchildon, G.P. and McDowall, D. 2013, Canadian Multinationals and International Finance. Routledge, New York. Yona, L. 2011, International Finance for Developing Countries. Author House, Keynes.

Writing an Argumentative Essay

Writing an Argumentative EssayIf you need a sample argumentation essay, you are in luck. There are many samples you can use to get a sense of how you should write your own essay. The essay you should write will depend on the subject and the nature of the argument you want to make.You can get an overview of how you should begin by looking at some of the basics of an argument. These are related to what you will be writing about. These are commonly addressed in textbooks and other reading materials that focus on the subject. You will find these elements to be fairly simple to grasp and apply.After you understand these concepts, you can move on to developing an essay. You can use a sample argumentation essay as a guide to how to construct your own essay. A sample essay can be helpful when it comes to answering questions about writing the kind of essay you should be writing. This is an important step in writing the essay.The basic aspects of the argument are used in many different types o f essays. They also affect how the argument makes its way through the entire composition. Your essay should become the best that it can be. Using an essay as a guide will help you achieve this goal.You will also want to make sure that you address the purpose of the conclusion. There is no point in writing a composition without including a conclusion. The conclusion should provide your readers with the reasons you are writing and the reasoning behind your topic. You should know the factors that will motivate you to use the essay for your own purposes.You should also be able to put your arguments into a few words. This is because many students do not think to organize their thoughts. They try to say things quickly and simply. If you want to be successful, you will need to organize your thoughts properly.The style of your essay is also extremely important. You should avoid cramming your thoughts. While you can present an argument and then forget about it, it does not prove to be effect ive.Students also do not think logically. They will make assumptions based on little or no information. Therefore, you should do a good job of making the most of limited information. You should also consider a few other things that you can include in your essay.

Industrial Relations free essay sample

To establish a proper channel of communication. 5. To increase the morale and discipline of the employees. 6. To safeguard the interests of the labour as well as management by securing the highest level of mutual understanding and goodwill between all sections in an industry. 7. To avoid all forms of industrial conflicts so as to ensure industrial peace by providing better living and working standards for the workers. 8. To bring about government control over such industrial units which are running at a loss for protecting the livelihood of the employees. Importance of Industrial Relations: 1. Uninterrupted Production: The most important benefit of industrial benefits is that it ensures continuity of production. This means continuous employment for all involved right from managers to workers. There is uninterrupted flow of income for all. Smooth running of industries is important for manufacturers, if their products are perishable goods and to consumers if the goods are for mass consumption (essential commodities, food grains etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Relations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ). Good industrial relations bring industrial peace which in turn tends to increase production. 2. Reduction in Industrial disputes: Good Industrial relations reduce Industrial disputes. Strikes, grievances and lockouts are some of the reflections of Industrial unrest. Industrial peace helps in promoting co-operation and increasing production. Thus good Industrial relations help in establishing Industrial democracy, discipline and a conducive workplace environment. 3. High morale: Good Industrial relations improve the morale of the employees and motivate the worker workers to work more and better. 4. Reduced wastage: Good Industrial relations are maintained on the basis of co-operation and recognition of ach other. It helps to reduce wastage of material, manpower and costs. 5. Contributes to economic growth and development. Causes of poor Industrial Relations: 1. Economic causes: Often poor wages and poor working conditions are the main causes for unhealthy relations between management and labour. Unauthorised deductions from wages, lack of fringe benefits, absence of promotion op portunities, faulty incentive schemes are other economic causes. Other causes for Industrial conflicts are inadequate infrastructure, worn-out plant and machinery, poor layout, unsatisfactory maintenance etc. . Organisational causes: Faulty communications system, unfair practices, non-recognition of trade unions and labour laws are also some other causes of poor relations in industry. 3. Social causes: Uninteresting nature of work is the main social cause of poor Industrial relations. Dissatisfaction with job and personal life culminates into Industrial conflicts. 4. Psychological causes: Lack of job security, non-recognition of merit and performance, poor interpersonal relations are the psychological reasons for unsatisfactory employer-employee relations. 5. Political causes: Multiple unions, inter-union rivalry weaken the trade unions. Defective trade unions system prevailing in the country has been one of the most responsible causes for Industrial disputes in the country. Suggestions to improve Industrial Relations: 1. Sound personnel policies: Policies and procedures concerning the compensation, transfer and promotion, etc. of employees should be fair and transparent. All policies and rules relating to Industrial relations should be fair and transparent to everybody in the enterprise and to the union leaders. 2. Participative management: Employees should associate workers and unions in the formulation and implementation of HR policies and practices. 3. Responsible unions: A strong trade union is an asset to the employer. Trade unions should adopt a responsible rather than political approach to industrial relations. 4. Employee welfare: Employers should recognise the need for the welfare of workers. They must ensure reasonable wages, satisfactory working conditions, and other necessary facilities for labour. Management should have a genuine concern for the welfare and betterment of the working class. 5. Grievance procedure: A well-established and properly administered system committed to the timely and satisfactory redressal of employee’s grievances can be very helpful in improving Industrial relations. A suggestion scheme will help to satisfy the creative urge of the workers. 6. Constructive attitude: Both management and trade unions should adopt positive attitude towards each other. Management must recognise unions as the spokesmen of the workers’ grievances and as custodians of their interests. The employer should accept workers as equal partners in a joint endeavour for good Industrial relations. . Creating a proper communication channel to avoid grievances and misunderstandings among employees 8. Education and training imparted to the employees What are Industrial Relations? The concept of Industrial relations has been defined using various terminologies, but in the strictest sense, it is essentially the relationship between management and labor. The full concept of industrial relations is the organization and practice of multi-pronged relationships between labor and management, unions and labor, unions and management in an industry. Dale Yoder defines it as a whole field of relationships that exists because of the necessary collaboration of men and women in the employment process of an industry. Role of Industrial Relations: Industrial relations are associated with labor, management, labor unions, and the state. The scene of industrial relations has grown tremendously, and cannot be represented merely by relations between management and labor. It has become a comprehensive and total concept embracing the sum total of relationship that exists at various levels of the organizational structure. Additionally, it connotes relationships between workers themselves within the labor class, and relations among the management within the managerial class. In an open sense, industrial relations denote all types of relations within a group and outside a group both formal and informal relations. Objectives of Industrial Relations: 1. Protect management and labor interests by securing mutual relations between the two groups. 2. Avoid disputes between management and labor, and create a harmonizing relationship between the groups so productivity can be increased. . Ensure full employment and reduce absenteeism, hence, increasing productivity and profits. 4. Emphasize labor employer partnership to establish and maintain industrial democracy. This is done to ensure the sharing of profit gains, and personal developmental of all all employees. 5. Provide better wages and living conditions to labor, so misunderstandings between management and labor are reduced to a minimum. 6. To bring about government control over plants where losses are running high, or where products are produced in the public interest. 7. To bridge a gap between various public factions and reshape the complex social relationships emerging out of technological advances by controlling and disciplining members, and adjusting their conflicts of interests. Conceptual Model for understanding Industrial Relations Conceptual Model of Industrial Relations Role of State Intervention: State intervention in business is necessary in a developing country because of the following reasons: 1. Developing countries lack powerful labor unions, enabling organizations to exploit workers and even ignore their demands. This is why governments have to step in and play a role in delineating certain parameters of industrial relations. 2. When the conditions of laborers worsen, and/or disputations arise, the government cannot be a silent bystander. It has to intervene in the situation and try to satisfy both sides by being a preceptor or an intermediary, and establish peace. 3. The federal nature of the constitution has made it imperative for the state to intervene in matters of labor to ensure a smooth and continuous operation. The state and the central governments have established certain laws that have to be followed by businesses. These are: the Plantations Act of 1952, the Minimum Wages Act of 1948, the Industrial Disputes Act, the Payment of Bonus Act of 1965, the Contract Labor Act of 1970, the Payment of Gratuity Act of 1972, the Bonded Labor System Act and the Remuneration Act of 1978. 4. The Directive Principals of the Constitution enjoin upon the state to establish a welfare state and to look after the interests of the weaker sections of the society, for example, the physically disabled. Definition of Mediation and Conciliation Mediation Mediation is the concept of making peace between aggravated parties. It is an ancient practice, and is carried out by a peace-maker. Mediation comes into play when two or more parties come together to discuss their differences and settle their differences. Mediation has been used among people, nations, litigants, labor and government, etc. A mediator, who is an outsider, may be present for settlement of disputes. The mediators role is to assist the parties in their negotiations. Conciliation Conciliation is generally the process of encouraging the aggravated parties to come together for mediation. In industrial relations however, the distinctions between the terms mediation and conciliation are negligible, and this trend also applies to other countries. Therefore, conciliation may be defined as the services of a third party that are used in a dispute as a means of helping the disputing parties to reduce the extent of their differences and to arrive at a settlement or mutually agreed solution. Conciliation tends to bring a speedy solution to industrial disagreements, hence, avoiding unnecessary strikes and lock-outs. Role of a conciliator: A conciliators function is to define a series of steps toward settlement of differences between the parties seeking reconciliation. A conciliator may open a series of options, attitudes, and offer alternative possibilities of settlement. The roles of a conciliator are summarized below: a. Discussion Leader A conciliator encourages a clear and friendly communication, creates a safe environment, and discourages any bias or antagonism between the parties. . Safety Valve A conciliator may be placed between the aggravated parties and may take on collateral damage without damaging the atmosphere of conciliatory meetings. c. Communication link A conciliator may serve as an important communication link between the aggravated parties. d. An innovator A conciliator may offer new suggestions and priorities, and provide the parties different views t o the solution. e. A sounding board A conciliator may step in between any heated arguments taking place during the conciliatory process. f. Protector A conciliator may be a protector of the parties while preparing the parties for a collective bargaining position during separate meetings. h. A stimulator A conciliator may motivate the parties to a peaceful solution by supporting good arguments from opposing sides. i. An advisor A conciliator ensures that misunderstandings dont occur between the parties, and that room is open only to responsible discussions. j. A face saver A conciliator may get the defeated party a form of accommodating settlement, which, in reality, holds on real value. This is done in order to mask the loss of face or prestige of the losing party. k. Promoter of collective bargaining A conciliator promotes collective bargaining and development of a mutual understanding between the parties. Tripartite Bipartite Bodies, and Industrial Settlement Tripartite Bodies: The principals and policies of the tripartite body have been a machinery of consultancy at the industrial and national levels. The tripartite body was established to make peace and improve relations between management and unions, and maintain smooth functioning of union management relations. It began as a statutory organization by the recommendation of the Whitey Commission to the ILO in 1931. The tripartite body had to be sufficiently large to ensure sufficient representation of the various interests involved; encourage representatives of employers, labor and government to meet regularly; and disallow individual members from making individual contributions to meetings. Purpose of Tripartite Body: a. Bring the aggravated parties together for mutual settlement of differences, and encourage a spirit of cooperation and goodwill. b. Promote uniformity in labor laws and legislation. . Discuss all matters of All India importance as between employers and employees. d. Determine a plan for settlement for all disputes. Bipartite Bodies: With the beginning of industrialization of India, labor relations in Indian industries have also been largely influenced by Indian democracy. Groups like Works Committee and Management Council were established to democratize Indian industrial rela tions. The bipartite consultation machinery was established around 1920, during the time when a few joint committees were setup by the Government of India. These joint committees were also introduced in TISCO in Jamshedpur. Fundamentals of Industrial Settlement: 1. Both parties have to realize that the country is breaking away from the past, and this is going to put continuous pressure on the quality of man-power and demands from human resources. 2. Both parties have to realize that to run a successful and profitable business, team work is extremely important. This gives rise to timely response and supply of goods to the society. 3. Both the parties accept the charters of Human Resources Policy summarized below: a. Individuals must make every effort to improve their job skills through training and participating in developmental activities. b. Each employee must keep his/her job skills up-to-date with changing business practices and operations. c. Machineries should be used throughout the year with trained staff readily available to operate it. d. Indirect employees may be converted to direct employees for increasing business efficiency. e. Absenteeism and unnecessary delays must be reduced through planning. f. Short-term employment must be avoided. Long-term employment should be encouraged and highly trained employees must be hired. . The above steps must be utilized to increase company productivity; exploitation of employees must be disallowed. h. High emphasis must be placed upon the quality of work. The Zero Defect policy must be always followed. i. Employees must make a stand to follow the Human Resources Policy individually or collectively. j. Both the parties should closely and routinely monitor change in productivity, and take necessary steps to avoid undesirable consequences. Types of Industrial Strikes Types of Strikes: Hunger strike: Workers gather near the factory owners residence and refuse to eat. Pen down: Workers come to work on regular hours but refuse to do any work. Rule strike: This type of strike is done by strictly abiding by company rules to the extreme, and there is no space for flexibility. Support strike: Supporting workers from another factory also go on strike to support their fellow workers from a related factory. Gate strike: Workers gather near the company gates and launch a strike. Production strike: Workers produce more industrial items but now in harmony. Go-slow: Workers work their usual hours but their productivity is greatly reduced. They deliberately work slower than usual, causing heavy losses and production delays. Picketing and boycott: This is the act of surrounding and picketing the owners residence, and not allowing anyone to enter the premises. Violent picketing is illegal. Boycott is disturbing the normal functioning of the business. Gherao: This is the process of blocking a target by encircling it. This may prevent people from approaching the target. The target may be an office, a building entrance, factory, residence, etc. Gherao may involve assault and torture, and gheraos are illegal. Sympathetic strike: This is an illegal strike done by workmen, who are fully satisfied by their employment, but support the cause of their fellow unsatisfied workmen. Lockouts: This is the process of closing down a place of business due to refusal to work by the employees. Lockouts are different from strikes because lockouts are initiated by the management/employer. Lockouts are: 1. Closure of industrial undertaking due to violence, disputes, etc. 2. Suspension of employment relationship. 3. Lockouts are initiated by the employer, and strikes are initiated by the employees. . Lockouts have definite motive. Lockouts Economy: Lockouts damage industry and national economy. Parameters Classification of Industrial Disputes What is an Industrial Dispute? For a dispute to become an industrial dispute, the following parameters have to be met: 1. The dispute must be between: a. Employers and employers. b. Employers and labor. c. Labor and labor. 2. It should be in relation to employment, no n-employment, terms of employment, with the conditions of labor (except managers and supervisors), or must pertain to any industrial matter. . The workman shouldnt have an income over Rs 1600 per month. 4. There should be a valid and contractual relation between the employer and the employee. Furthermore, the employee must be employee at the time of the dispute. Classifications of Disputes: 1. Conflict of Interest: These conflicts arise due to disagreements in level of income, fringe benefits, job security, and/or other terms and conditions of employment. Dispute can be resolved on conciliation by compromising. 2. Grievance or Rights Disputes: Also known as conflict of rights disputes, they occur due to general disagreements like: discipline, dismissal, payment of wages, overtime, time off entitlements, demotion, transfer, etc. Dispute can be resolved in labor courts and tribunals. 3. Disputes involving unfair labor practices: This type of dispute occurs when Trade union members face discrimination. Unfair labor practices include: interference, restraint or coercion of employees, refusal to collective bargaining, recruitment of workmen during legal strikes, failure to implement awards, acts of violence, etc. Resolution occurs by rules laid down by the MRTU PULP Act in the state of Maharashtra, or following the rules of the Industrial Dispute Act. What is the Indian Industrial Dispute Act of 1947? The Industrial Dispute Act of 1947 has been described as the latest milestone in the industrial development in India. The Act has seen new additions in the past few years. However, the principal objectives of the Industrial Dispute Act of 1947 are: Objectives of Indian Industrial Dispute Act: 1. To encourage good relations between labor and industries, and provide a medium of settling disputes through adjudicator authorities. . To provide a committee for dispute settlement between industry and labor with the right of representation by a registered trade union or by an association of employers. 3. Prevent unauthorized strikes and lockouts. 4. Reach out to labor that has been laid-off, unrightfully dismissed, etc. 5. Provide labor the right to collective bargaining and promote conciliation. New I ndian Industrial Dispute Act Principles: 1. A permanent conciliation committee for the speedy settlement of industrial disputes. 2. Compulsory arbitration in public utility services and enforcement of arbitration awards. . Strikes during proceedings of conciliation and arbitration meetings are prohibited. 4. Set aside specific times for conciliation and arbitration meetings. 5. Employers have to be obliged to communicate with labor unions. 6. Mutual consultation has to be set up between industry and labor by the Works Committee. 7. Disputes between labor and industry have to be forwarded to an Industrial Tribunal. If the Industrial tribunal fails to handle the case, the case should be forwarded to the appropriate government. Authorities under Indian Industrial Dispute Act: . Works committee. 2. Conciliation officer. 3. Boards of conciliation. 4. Courts of inquiry. 5. Labor courts. 6. Industrial tribunals. 7. National tribunals. causes of Industrial Dispute: Disputes may result from various causes: psychological, potential, and economic. The most common cause of strikes has been economic reasons; other reasons have been influenced by nationalist, communist, and commercial ends. The Labor Bureau of Simla has observed causes such as: wages and allowances, bonus, personnel, vacation and work timings, violence (added in 1971), etc. An analysis has revealed the following facts: During 1921-1931: †¢ 15. 2% of demands were related to wages. †¢ 4. 6% of demands were related to bonus. †¢ 4. 4% of demands were related to vacation days and work-timings. †¢ 18. 5% of demands were related to others. During 1939-1947: †¢ 44. 1% of demands were related to wages. †¢ 7. 9% of demands were related to bonus. †¢ 15. 6% of demands were related to personal matters. †¢ 5% of demands were related to vacation and work-timings. During 1948-1957: †¢ 28. 1% of demands were related to wages. †¢ 9. 1% of demands were related to bonus. †¢ 30. % of demands were related to personal matters. †¢ 7. 2% of demands were related to vacation days and work-timings. Industrial Disputes According to V. B. Singh: Mr. V. B. Singh defines industrial disputes falling under these categories: 1. Income (wage items, price rates, allowances, bonus, minimum and basic wages, etc. ) 2. Employment (hol idays, leaves like sick leave, etc. , work-timings, welfare activities, etc. ), and 3. Technological changes (workload, standardization of raw materials, etc. ). What is Industrial Peace? Industrial peace has, at a certain extent, worsened in the past few years. The social gap between management and labor has increased, resulting in increased disparities and frustration. Industrial peace has to be developed with mutually understanding the issues of labor, and it is imperative to have proper communication between management and labor union. Three ways to establish industrial have been suggested by the Royal Commission on Labor: 1. Appoint a labor officer who ensures labor welfare and serves as a representative to management. 2. Constitution of Works Communities for different industries, and 3. Development of stable and responsible trade unions.

How to get a job at a startup

How to get a job at a startup Want to join a startup, but you’re not sure where to start? Or maybe you think you’re out of the running because tech isn’t your thing? Never fear, even if you’re not a coder or designer, there are still a few choice jobs out there that might just have your name on them. If you’re eager, have a varied skill set, and are willing to contribute to a team effort with energy, you’re in the running. Here are a few tricks to make yourself a viable candidate for a startup gig.Bolster your LinkedIn.First and foremost, attack your LinkedIn profile to make it shine. Remember that companies often search prospective employees by keyword, so keep your experience and certifications up to date and detailed. Make sure your network is solid, and don’t be too shy to  ask for endorsements or recommendations. Get involved in professional groups and link them on your profile. Start posting content relevant to the industry you hope to join- show youâ€℠¢re involved and savvy before even sending in an application or going in to interview.Do your research.If you find a company you’re thrilled by, start getting really nerdy. Dig deep learning all you can about that company’s product. Research their culture, getting as good an on-the-ground sense of the place as you possibly can. If you’re still jazzed and sure you would fit in and have something fantastic to contribute, start drafting a pitch of exactly how and why you fit into that specific company to put into your cover letter. The people who look for new hires want specifics- if you don’t tailor your application package directly to them, you won’t seem special or stand out.Learn the industry as a whole.The startup world is intensely competitive. Every company has to build itself up from nothing and the field can be cutthroat. The more you know and understand about the industry and a company’s main competitors, the more you can contribute. This is especially important in the interview stage. When you go in there, know more than they expect you to based on your resume. Don’t leave any doubts that you understand the current climate inside and out.Establish an online presence.Build an online presence that expands beyond LinkedIn. Make sure all your social media platforms and profiles are up to date and that you’re building a solid and sellable brand for yourself with what you post and how you post it. How you present yourself via all channels will show your tech savviness and your ability to brand yourself- both skills startups find invaluable.Don’t try too hard to be quirky.It’s one thing to show off your individuality- the experience, skills, and passions that make your application stand out from the crowd. But remember that even though the startup world is young and modern, you’re still going through a job application process. Take every step seriously, act like a grownup, and let yo ur interests and skills speak for themselves. You can be engaging without acting like a kid. If you’re forcing a personality, it’s easy to tell.Get yourself out there.You’ll never get a startup gig from nothing if you don’t work for it. Start applying on sites like AngelList, and look on sites that specialize in startups, like StartUpHire or VentureLoop. In addition, look for and attend startup-specific networking events in your area.If you find one company you want to target, you can also find the CEO/founder/key exec’s email and shoot them a line to express your interest. Don’t make your email vague and generic- include relevant links to your social media profiles and explain exactly why you would be a perfect fit for that specific company. Follow up if people are receptive and don’t forget to send thank you notes. In general, be responsive, kind, and sharp- when you’re on the ball, people take notice.

Business plan brief Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business plan brief - Research Paper Example In other circumstances, sun block is also incorporated in moisturizers. Hawaiian Tropics aims to provide a new sun block makeup line which incorporates the sun protection offered by typical sun block together with the physical enhancements of makeup. The new product is aimed to be a fusion of these two typically separate products. In so doing, the line will be addressing the need of women on the go as this requires lesser application time. The two-in-one product will allow women to retouch their makeup and put on sun block anytime they need them. After looking at the market, Hawaiian Tropics' decision is to target transitioners who are either A or C. In terms of age, these markets are seen to be often seeking for beauty products in order to enhance their physical appearance and have confidence in themselves. Being in the stage of transitioning from teens to adulthood, this age group desires to have products which will enable them gain confidence when dealing with other people and are more likely using both makeup and sun block. The choice of going after customers using makeup and sun block together or separately is justified by the fact that these are the most profitable market.

Seminar inCriminology Discussion 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar inCriminology Discussion 4 - Essay Example After this period, the use of force reduced when the police were dispersing crowds during riots or human rights groups and activists on strike. From the study that I selected on police use of force, there are several findings that Langston and Durose established in year 2011 regarding the use of police brutality and their behavior on streets and highways. On page 21, the study shows that the percentage of persons stopped in table 12 and 13 increased when the persons were stopped for no reason. However, despite being stopped for no reason, table 12 shows that 9.0% of the police behave appropriately. According to Langston and Durose (2013), persons who were stopped from any other reason, only 3.9% of the police behave appropriately. In table 13, the rate of people who reported that they thought excessive force was used and rated at 3.5% (Langston & Durose, 2013). The findings in the study show that there was a drop in instances when the police used force in 2011. This is a drop compared to the 1970s, when there were more instances recorded where the police used a lot of